He has published extensively on the Ottoman empire, the Crimean Khanate, and international and intercultural relations in eastern Europe. d ar i u sz ko ło d z ie j c z yk is Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Warsaw and at the Polish Academy of Sciences. With Walter Scheidel he is about to publish The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Bayly Tributary Empires in Global History (). He has authored, edited or co-edited seven other volumes, most importantly The Roman Bazaar: A Comparative Study of Trade and Markets in a Tributary Empire (Cambridge, ) and with C. From to he was Chair of the European research network, Tributary Empires Compared, funded by COST () and he has been a Visiting Professor at the universities of T¨ubingen and Heidelberg. He is a Roman historian interested in comparative and world history. p e t e r f i b i g e r b a n g is Associate Professor of History at the Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, and holds a doctorate from the University of Cambridge. Different facets of the phenomenon are explored under three, broadly conceived, headings: symbolism, ceremony and diplomatic relations universal or cosmopolitan literary high cultures and, finally, the inclination to present universal imperial rule as an expression of cosmic order. The notion of universal imperial rule is presented as an elusive and much-coveted prize among monarchs in history, around which developed forms of kingship and political culture. As such it is an exercise in comparative world history combining a multiplicity of approaches, from ancient history, to literary and philosophical studies, to the history of art and international relations, and historical sociology. This book traces its various manifestations in Near Eastern and classical antiquity, the Islamic world, Asia and Central America as well as considering seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European discussions of international order. The claim by certain rulers to universal empire has a long history stretching as far back as the Assyrian and Achaemenid empires.
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